Tips học tiếng Anh chuyên ngành học viện Tài Chính

Tips học tiếng Anh chuyên ngành học viện Tài Chính  Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Học viện Tài chính, Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành 2 Học viện Tài chính, Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành 1 Học viện Tài chính, Giáo trình tiếng Anh chuyên ngành 1 HVTC, Có nên học ngôn ngữ Anh ở Học viện Tài chính, học phí ngành ngôn ngữ anh, học viện tài chính, Ngôn ngữ Anh Học viện Tài chính, Ngôn ngữ Anh Học viện Tài chính điểm chuẩn, .Dành cho bạn nào đang học tiếng Anh chuyên ngành ,TACN1 giai đoạn này, tài liệu chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo.Tài liệu được soạn lại của bạn Nguyễn Hòa Đức. Được chia sẻ nhiều. Mình up lên đây để các bạn tham khảo.
Tips học tiếng Anh chuyên ngành học viện Tài Chính
Tips học tiếng Anh chuyên ngành học viện Tài Chính

TIPS
I.Form đề thi: (10 điểm)- tải chi tiết ở đây:
-Phần 1 là thầy/cô đánh giá phát âm (1điểm)
trong đề thì có 1 đoạn văn(có thể bắt đọc) nhưng như mình thì cô giáo ktra hỏi thăm về quê quán, hỏi về tsao phải học TA, đánh giá của mình về việc học, vân vân và mây mây. Phần này phụ thuộc vào cách bọn cậu chém gió thôi.
-Phần 2 là summary (3 điểm)
như tớ thì phải trình bày hết summary của unit được yêu cầu(ghỉ rõ trong đề cậu bốc), nghe đồn là có thầy cô chỉ bắt đọc 1-2 ý thôi rồi qua.
-Phần 3 là 3 câu hỏi ở trong đề (3 điểm)
3 câu hỏi này chủ yếu là trong sách, cứ học bthg thôi, học thuộc hay học hiểu thì tùy mng 😀
-Phần 4 là 3 câu hỏi ngoài sách (3điểm)
cái này thì k có trong đề, tự thân vận động, có thể thầy cô hỏi định nghĩa, hỏi lung tung các kiểu, di dỉ dì di cái gì cũng có thể vào nên k dám khuyên.
VD như tớ thì cô hỏi 1 câu về định nghĩa public finance và 1 câu về khoa tớ học là gì J)) nhớ hoài k ra QTKD là business administration nên phán bừa là MBA trong khi MBA là thạc sĩ QTKD =))

II. Lời khuyên:
-Theo tớ thì môn này điểm thi phụ thuộc nhiều vào giáo viên ktra các bạn lúc thi nên cơ bản là điểm của các bạn trong cùng lớp đã là k thể so sánh được rồi (1 ht thi thường có 2 giáo viên).
-Ngay từ quá trình học thì thầy/cô giáo khá nhiều bài tập và ktra btvn kĩ lắm nên các cậu cứ dành thời gian ôn hàng ngày đi, mỗi ngày nửa tới 1 tiếng thì chẳng mất bao nhiêu thời gian.
-Ôn thi nên ôn nhóm (2 ng) chọn đứa nào nó giỏi với phát âm TA tốt vào mà sửa cho nhau. Đứa hỏi đứa trả lời, khá ổn, đã thế ôn xong còn chém gió được bao nhiêu chuyện!
-Trong thời gian học TACN thì tớ còn tham gia 1 khóa học toiec nên cảm giác khá ổn, thấy cũng giúp giúp được cho nhau về phần từ mới(cảm giác cá nhân) học luôn cũng tiện, sau này đỡ ngỡ ngàng với việc học để thi Toeic ra trường.
-Kiến thức của TACN1, theo ý kiến cá nhân của tớ thì lq khá nhiều đến tài chính tiền tệ nên bạn nào học được môn này thì cách tốt là dịch hết qua TV nhanh chóng dễ hiểu, học thuộc rồi dịch lại.
-Summary là phải học thuộc nhé, tui ngồi đọc thì hơi giống tụng kinh nhưng tớ vẫn tra tấn lỗi tai ông anh hàng ngày J))
-Về phần câu hỏi trong sách thì khi ôn thi các cậu nên tự trả lời lại và làm đề cương, tớ có cô bạn làm nên lười đi photo về học thôi, lười quen rồi.

Chú ý: tất cả phần summary là tớ tổng hợp lại từ bài giảng của cô, chỉ sửa chữa vài chỗ, không phải cô nào cũng giống nhau nên các cậu tham khảo thôi nhé.
Tớ khá rảnh nên bạn nào cần hỏi han hay giúp đỡ gì thì cứ kêu tớ, biết tớ giúp liền.
Không nghĩ là nhiều lớp học môn này đợt này vậy nhưng vì inbox nhiều quá, fb nó dọa block đành làm cái file post lên thư viện vậy.Tớ làm word khá chuối củ nên mọi người thông cảm!

Summary
 

Unit 1: Economics
1. Firstly, it talks about the concept of ECONOMICS.
(Economics is the study of how people choose to use scare resources to satisfy their unlimited wants).
2. Secondly, it talks about the two main types of economics, includes:
· Microeconomics focuses on the actions of individuals and industries.
· Macroeconomics focuses on the activities of entire economy and international marketplace.
3. Thirdly, it talks about the concept of ECONOMISTS.(they are people who study economics).
4. Fourthly, it talks about three important theories from Adam Smith, Max and Key as to how people and Government should behave within market.
5. Finally, it talks about the roles of economics .

Unit 3: Microeconomics
Unit 3 talks about microeconomics.
· Firstly, it talks about the definition of microeconomics.
(Microeconomics is the study of how consumers and firms behave while making decision on the allocation of scarce resources).
· Secondly, it talks about the limits (for example, the limits in incomes, in budgets, in number of working hours and in resources.) and microeconomics is about the allocation of scarce resources.
· Thirdly, it talks about the decisions on allocation in a planned economy and in a modern market economy.
· Finally, it talks about the important themes in microeconomics
-Theme 1 is trade- offs that consumers, workers and firms face:
— Consumers face the limited incomes and trade- offs save or spend.
— Workers face the limited time and trade- offs working now or continued education; trade- offs working or leisure; trade- offs working for a small or large company.
— Firms face the limited in resources have available to produce.
-Theme 2 is the role of prices: All trade- offs are based on the prices faced by consumers, workers and firms.
-Theme 3 is the role of the markets: In a market economy, markets are the place where prices are determined/ set by the interactions of consumers, workers and firms.

Unit 4: Macroeconomics
· Firstly, the goals of macroeconomics.
The goal of macroeconomics is to look at overall economic trends, such as: Employment levels, economic growth, balance of payments, inflation and so on.
— Secondly, the two major policies of macroeconomics. They are: fiscal policy and monetary policy.
1. Fiscal policy is government policy relates to the Government’s revenue and spending, and the Ministry of Finance controls it.
2. Monetary policy is government policy relates to the nation’s money supply and the Central bank controls it.
— Thirdly, the differences between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.
— Finally, the relationship between Microeconomic and Macroeconomics
They are interdependent and complement one another.

Unit 5: Demand and Supply

Unit 5 talks about Demand and Supply
1. Firstly, it talks about demand
– Demand describes how price influences buyer’s behavior
– A movement of demand curve when a change in prices or one of shift factors of demand
• A change in prices causes a movement along a given demand curve
• The shift factors of demand are society’s income, prices of others goods, expectations, and tastes. A change in one of shifts factors causes a shift of the demand curve to the right or to the left.
2. The second main ideal is supply
– Supply describes how price influences seller’s behavior
-A movement of supply curve when a change in prices or one of shift factors of supply
• A change in prices cause a movement along a given supply curve.
• The shift factors of supply include: price of inputs, technology, taxes, and suppliers’ expectations. A change in one of shift factors of supply causes a shift of the entire supply curve to the right or to the left.
3.Finally, it talks about Equilibrium
• Equilibrium is a situation in which there is no tendency for change.
• Equilibrium occurs when demand curves intersect supply curves. At this point quantity demanded equals quantity supplied

Unit 6: Public Finance

– Firstly, it talks about the Federal budget:
· Federal budget comes from different kinds of taxes: individual tax, customs duties, payroll tax, excise tax,…
· Federal budget constitute 2 funds: federal fund and trust fund:
Ø Federal fund is designated from: income taxes and corporate taxes. It uses for conducting the annual appropriation process.
Ø Trust fund is designated from payroll taxes. It uses to pay for very specific government programs.
– Secondly, it talks about Federal Borrowing.
· To finance the difference between revenue and spending:
Federal government borrows money by issuing bond or other type of securities.
– Finally, it talks about debt held by Federal government. There are debt held by public and debt held by the Federal account.
· Debt held by the federal account is the amount of money that the treasury has borrowed from itself.
· Debt held by the public is the total amount the government owes to all of its creditors. That includes American, Foreign individuals and government of foreign countries.

Unit 7: Fiscal policy

· Firstly, the influence of government spending and taxation to the overall performance of the economy
Secondly, deficits:
– It’s run when government spends more than its receives
– To finance deficit, government borrows money or prints money
– Deficit is ether harmful and helpful
– Deficit spending
Thirdly, concept of fiscal policy: is a government policy related to taxation and public spending; the government uses it in an attempt to maintain economic growth, high employment and low inflation.

– There are 2 types of fiscal policy
– expansionary (or loose)
– contractionary (or tight)
Finally, the factor influence Government decisions of fiscal policy
– Inside factor: unemployment rate, inflation rate…
– Outside factor: political consideration…

UNIT 8:TAXATION
Unit 8 is about the taxation.
1. Firstly, it talks about the functions of taxation.
Ø The primary function of taxation is to raise revenue to finance the Government expenditure.
Ø other functions: just like
· Dissuading people from smoking, drinking alcohol…
· Redistributing income and wealth
· Restricting import and encouraging domestic production
2. Secondly, it talks about the advantages and disadvantages of 2 types tax rates
Ø Progressive tax
Ø Regressive tax
3. Thirdly, it talks about the tax evasion.
4. Fourthly, it talks about the avoiding tax on salaries.
5. Finally, it talks about the avoiding tax on profits.

Unit 10: Insurance

Firstly, it talks about functions of insurance:
– Predicting the losses.
– Financing and redistributing the cost of losses.
· Secondly, it talks about definition of insurance.
In finance definition, insurance is a finance arrangement that redistributes the costs of unexpected losses.
(the insurance arrangement involves the transfer of many different exposures to loss to one insurance pool).
· Thirdly, it talks about the operation of insurance system:
An insurance system accomplishes the redistribution by collecting a premium payment from the participant in the system.
· Fourthly, it talks about the benefits of insured:
– Reducing the anxiety about losses
– Receiving the compensation if losses occur
· Finally, it talks about the insurance contract:
– Like gambling.
Is a special contract, in which, insured and insurer, to exercise the utmost good faith towards each others.

Unit 11: Money and Functions
1. Concept of money:
· Money is a commodity accepted by general.
· Consent as medium of economic exchange.
2. The functions of money:
· Medium of exchange: in which medium of exchange is the most important function.
· Store of the value.
· Measure of value.
· Standard of deferred payment.
3. Two kind of money:
· Commodity money.
· Token money.

Unit 12: Monetary policy.1. Quantitative tools of monetary policy:
– Reserve requirement: the minimum amount of reserve as bank must have.
If FED want to reduce money supply , it raises reserve requirement.
– Discount rate is the interest that FED changes for the loans to other banks.
To reduce money supply, FED can rise discount rate.
– Open market operation: FED buy or sell government securities.
2. Central bank control over the supply of money:
CB(central bank) use:
– Expansionary MP(monetary policy)
– Restrictive MP
to control money supply.
· Expansionary MP reduce discount rate or reduce reserve requirement or buying bonds to promote Economy growth.
· Restrictive MP increase discount rate or increase reserve requirement or selling bonds to cool the overheating Economy.

Unit 14: Forex market
– -Firstly, it talks about the definition of the foreign exchange market.
The foreign exchange market is the market in which such national currencies are exchanged.
– Secondly, it talks about the main features of the foreign exchange market.
· It’s not an organized market with fixed hours and physical meeting place
-> it’s called an over the counter(OTC) market.
· It operates 24 hours a day because time differences.
· It has developed rapidly in the last quarter century in response to the increasing world trade volume and the expansion of international capital flows.
– Thirdly, it talks about the development of foreign exchange market.
It has developed quickly since 19th century in response to world trade of goods and services and the expansion of international capital flows.
– Fourthly, it talks about the world largest foreign exchange center. This is London. And 2 kinds of transaction are: spot and forward.
– Finally, it talks about three types of participants in the foreign exchange market. There are customers, market maker, brokers.

Unit 15: The financial markets
– Firstly, it talks about essential functions of financial markets:
· Channeling funds from those who have saved surplus funds to those who have a shortage of funds.
– Secondly, it talks about structure of financial markets:
· Debt and equity markets.
· Primary and secondary markets.
· Exchanges and OTC markets.
· Money and capital markets.
Unit 1: ECONOMICS
 
Main points
Details
Important words
Definition
Economics is the study of the production and consumption of goods and the transfer of wealth to produce and obtain those goods
Well-being: includes the satisfaction people gain form the products and services they choose to consume, from their time spent in leisure and with family and community as well as in jobs, and the  security and services provided by effective governments.
 
GDP: gross domestic product
 
Resources: include the time and talent people, the land, building, equipment…
 
Distribution: The action of sharing something out among a number of recipients
2 main types
+ Microeconomics: focuses on the action of individuals and industries
+ Macroeconomics: analyze the economic activity of entire country or the international market
Economists
Seek to answer 3 important questions:
1. Producing what?
2. How to produce?
3. For whom?
3 theories
+ Adam Smith: believed that people who acted in their own self-interest produced goods and wealth that benefited all of society
+ Karl Marx: believed that such exploitation leads to social unrest and class conflict. Laborers should own and control the means of production.
+ Keynesian School: describes how government can act within capitalistic economies to promote economic stability.
Roles
+ Can describe all aspects of a country’s economy
+ Can help one understand human thought and behavior
 
 
 
 
Unit 3: Microeconomics
Main points
 
Details
Important words
Definition
      Microeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the how consumers and firms behave while making decisions on the allocation of scarce  resources. It looks at a compartmentalized view of an economy and focuses more on the basic theories of demand and supply.
Trade-offs: an exchange that occurs as a compromise.
 
Limit: the greatest or least amount, number, or extent allowed or possible
      Much of microeconomics is about limits- the limited incomes, the limited budgets and technical, the limited number of hours in week
 
Market: collections of buyers and sellers that together determine the price of a good.
 
Allocate: distribute according to a plan or set apart for a special purpose.
Roles
+ helps consumers, firms, organizations and households make suitable decisions about particular activities.
+ helps economists have better understanding about economic theories in field of microeconomics
+ helps governments make suitable policies to support industries and firms.
3 themes
1. How to make optimal trade-offs
+ Consumers based on their preferences to maximize their well-being by trading off the purchase of more of some goods with the purchase of less of others
+ Workers: people must decide whether and when enter the workforce. Workers face trade-offs in their choice of employment.
+ Firms face limits in terms of the kinds of products and the resources available.
 
2. The roles of prices
+ How prices are determined
+ How it affects demand and supply
 
3. The central role of markets
 
 
 
 
 
Unit 4: Macroeconomics
Main points
Details
Important words
Definition
             Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that studies behavior of the hole economy and economy-wide phenomena.
Inflation: the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising.
 
Economic health:
A family’s economic health is influenced by a parents’ earning and spending habits.
A nation’s economic health is influenced by government fiscal policies.
 
Government’s spending: Government Spending is a part of Fiscal Policy and is used by the government to increase or reduce the aggregate demand.
Goals
Looks at:
  1. employment levels
  2. economic growth
  3. inflation
  4. balance of payments
Policies
1.Fiscal policy (in the hand of Ministry of Finance) related to taxation and public spending.
+ Taxation and government spending greatly influence a country’s economic growth.
 
2. Monetary policy (supervised by each country’s Central Bank) controls a nation’s money supply
+ Central banks try to keep one eye on unemployment- resulting from economic slowdowns and one eye on inflation- resulting from an overheated economy.
Comparison
  1. Study
+ Macro: country and government’s decisions
+ Micro: individuals and businesses’ decisions
  1. Approach
+ Macro: top-down
+ Micro: bottoms-up
 
 
 
                                                                                                    
 
 
 
Unit 5: Demand and Supply
 
Main points
Details
Important words
Differences
+ Demand and quantity demanded
  • Demand: is not a specific figure. A change results from shift factors
  • Quantity demanded: is a specifc figure. A change results from price
+ Supply and quantity supplied:
  • Supply:is not a specifict figure. A change results from shift factors
  • Quantity supplied: is a specifct figure. A change results from price
Equilibrium: the economic condition in which there is neither excess demand nor excess supply in the market.
(or: Is a situation in which there is no tendency for change.)
 
Market machanism: the manner in which consumers and producers can determine the price and the quantity the things produced.
Roles of S&D
+ Supply and Demand set up the market
+ The interactions of Demand and Supply determine the prices
+ By understading the factors influencing Supply and Demand, we can predict the changes of prices of goods and services when the economic circumstances changes.
Shift factors
+ Shift factors of demand:
1. Society’s income                 3.Prices of other goods
2.Expectations                         4.Tastes
+Shift factors of supply: 
 1.  Inputs                        3.Taxes
2.Technology                  4.Supplier’s expectations
 
Demand curve
A price change causes a movement along a demand curve.
A change in one of the shift factors shifts the D curve to the right or left.
Supply curve
A price change causes a movement along a demand curve.
A change in one of the shift factors shifts the D curve to the right or left.
Equilibrium
+ Is a situation in which there is no tendency for change.
+ Occurs at the price where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied
 
 
 
Unit 6: Public Finance
 
Main points
Details
Important words
Taxes
Sources of taxes:
  1. Income taxes
  2. Corporate income taxes
  3. Payroll taxes
  4. Customs duties
  5. Excise taxes
Roles of taxes:
  1. Fund the government in general: Federal funds
  2. Fund specific program: Trust funds
Mature: to become due for payment or repayment
 
Customs duties: a government tax on imports or exports.
 
Excise taxes: tax placed on the sale or manufacture of a commodity, typically a luxury item.
 
Federal Funds
+ Is general revenues
+ Congress and President can decide to spend
Trust Funds
Pay for specific program: Medicare and Social security
Borrowing
+ When the Government spends more money than it takes in form tax revenue
+ Treasury borrows money by issuing bonds
+ People buy bonds called investors
Debt held by Public
+ Is the total amount the government owes to all of its creditors in the general public
+ Creditors: citizen, foreign individuals, government of other countries
Debt held by Federal account
+ Is the amount of money that the Treasury has borrowed from itself
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unit 7: Fiscal Policy
 
Main points
Details
Important words
Definition
Fiscal policy is a government’s policy related to taxation and public spending
 
Aggregate demand: aggregate demand (AD) is the total demand for final goods and services in an economy at a given time.
 
Government revenue: the money received from taxation, fees, fines, intergovernmental grants or transfer, securities sales, mineral rights, and resources rights as well as any sales that are made
Aims
+ Maintain economic growth
+ Maintain high employment
+ Maintain low inflation
Sorting
+Expansionary (loose):
  • Aim: Stimulate total spending
  • Ways: Reduce taxation
           Increase spending
+ Contractionary (tight)
  • Aim: slow down the economy
  • Ways: Increase taxation
           Reduce spending
Factors
+ Level of economic growth
+ Unemployment
Deficit
+ Occurs when the government spends more than it receives
+ It can be helpful or harmful the economy
+ Financed by:
  • Printing: face with inflation
  • Borrowing: face with interest rate
 
 
 
 
 
Unit 8: Taxation
 
Main points
Details
Important words
Functions
+ Primary function: raise government’s revenue
+ Discourage or encourage spending
+ Redistribute
+ Kinds:
  • Direct tax: impose on income
  • Indirect tax: pass on people to contribute the government’s revenue. Finally, consumers have to pay.
Depreciation: reducing the value of a fixed asset, by charging it against profits
 
Disincentive: something which discourages an action.
 
Loophole: a means of escape or evasion,  a means or opportunity of evading a law, contract…
(+) and (-) of tax system
+ Double- taxation: impose on profits and dividends which shareholders gain from profits
+ Progressive tax: income taxes
+ Regressive tax: sales tax and VAT
Tax evasion
(illegal)
+ The higher tax rate, the more people cheat
+ There is a substantial ‘black’ or ‘underground’ economy nearly everywhere.
Tax avoidance
(legal)
+ Perks: company cars, free health insurance, lunches
+ Tax-deductible: donates to charities
+ Tax-shelters: postpone the payment of tax
Avoiding tax on profits
+ Launching money: pass money through a series of companies in complicated transactions
+ Tax heaven:
  • Monaco
  • Bahamas
  • Cayman Islands
+ Tax loss: profits are used up
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unit 10: Insurance
 
Main points
Details
Important words
Definition
        Insurance is a financial agreement that redistribute the cost of unexpected losses.
        Insurance agreement involves the transfer of money difference exposures to a insurance pool
 
 
Premium insurance: is a amount of money that insured gives insurer to receives the promise compensated
(it’s my own definition ^^ coz I can’t find it)
 
Insurance pool: is which combines the numerous exposures.
 
Insurance agreement: is a financial agreement that redistribute the cost of unexpected losses.
Roles
  • Predict losses in advance
  • Finance the cost of losses
  • Redistribute in advance the cost of losses
Insurance system
+ Accomplishes the distribution of the cost of losses by collecting premium from participant
+ Insurers give promise to the insureds and take the premium from them
+ Insureds give premium to the insures and take the promise compensated when the evens of losses actually occur.
+ Can operate because insureds are willing to substitute the premium for uncertain loss
Why people are willing to pay premium
+ To be relived of the uncertainty about loss
+ To be compensated when the even of loss actually occurs
Contracts
 The law requires parties to exercise the utmost good faith towards each other.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unit 11: Money and its functions
 
Main points
Details
Important words
Definition
Money is commodity accepted by general consent as a medium of economic exchange. It is the medium in which prices and values are expressed. It circulates from person to person and country to country, the facilitating trade, and it is the principal measure of wealth.
 
Unit of account: is the unit in which prices are quoted and account is kept.
 
Installment buying: a system for paying for goods by installments in which the payments are made at regular times
 

Monetary value: the  amount  of  value  an item or a service has in relation to if it were sold for cash to a willing buyer.

Consent: acceptance of something done or planned bay another

Functions
Medium of exchange
+ People exchange goods and services through money
+ Is anything that is widely accepted
  • in payment for goods and services
  • in settlement of debts.
Store of value
Money can be used to make purchase for future
Measure of value
+ Money measures value in its units of account
+ Unit of account is the unit in which prices are quoted and account is kept.
Standard of deferred payments
Buy something but don’t pay for it immediately, your payment is expressed in terms of money to be paid in the future.
Types
Commodity money
+ Is useful good serving as a medium of exchange
+ Value of C.M = Value of material made in it
+ eg: gold, shells, sliver, skin, feather
Note money
+ Is measure of payment
+ Value or purchasing power greatly exceeds cost of production or value in uses other than money.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unit 12: Monetary Policy
 
Main points
Details
Important words
Objectives
  • Price stability
  • Exchange stability
  • Full employment and maximum output
  • Economic growth
 
Reserve requirement: is the % the Fed sets as the minimum amount of reserves as bank must have is called the reserve requirement.
(or: the required percentage of reserves (deposits) that banks and thrifts must hold in cash or in deposits at the central bank)
 
Discount rate: If the banks are short of reserve, they can go to its bank to take a loan. The discount rate is the rate of interest the Fed charges for those loan.
 
Aggregate demand (AD): is the sum of consumption expenditure, investor expenditure, government expenditure, and net exports
Quantitative tools
Reserve requirement
+ The % the Fed sets as the minimum amount of reserves as bank must have is called the reserve requirement.
+ When the central bank increases the RR, the banks have less money to lend out.
+ When the central bank decreases the RR, the banks have more money to lend out.
 
Discount rate
+ If the banks are short of reserve, they can go to its bank to take a loan. The discount rate is the rate of interest the Fed charges for those loan.
+ When the central bank increases the discount rate, it’s more expensive for banks to borrow
+ When the central bank decreases the discount rate, it’s less expensive for banks to borrow
Open market operations
+ Are the Fed’s buying and selling government securities.
+ The Fed sells bonds to contract the money supply
+ The Fed buys bonds to expand the money supply
Supply of money
Expansionary MP
+ Increase bank’s capacity by:
  • Lowering RR
  • Dropping discount rate
  • Buying more bonds
+ Increase money supply
+ As the result, the AD shifts to the right
Restrictive MP
+ Reduce bank’s capacity by:
  • Raising RR
  • Increasing discount rate
  • Selling more bonds
+ Reduce money supply
+ As the result, the AD shifts to the left
 
 
 
Unit 14: Foreign exchange market
 
Main points
Details
Important words
Definition
Is the market where national currencies are exchanged
OTC market: is a market has primary communication instrument are telephones and computers. This market has no fixed hours, no physical meeting place.
 
Bid rate (buying rate): A bid price is the highest price that a buyer is willing to pay for a good
 
Offer rate (selling rate):
 
Spot transaction: are undertaken for an actual delivery 2 business days later
 
Forward transaction: involves a delivery date further into the future.
 
Exchange rate: the rate at which the currency unit of one country maybe exchanged for that at other
Characteristic
+ Not organized:
  • Not fixed hours
  • Not physical meeting place
+ OTC: primary communication instrument are telephones and computers
+ Developed rapidly:
  • In response to the growth in the volume of world trade in goods and services
  • In response expansion of international capital flow
London
+ Is the largest foreign exchange market centre coz:
  • Banks here trade almost $200 billion each day.
  • Benefits from geographical location: EU, US, Far East
  • Trades 24h a day
  • Enables banks and corporations to trade in large amount
Types
+ Spot transactions: are undertaken for an actual delivery 2 business days later
+ Forward transactions: involves a delivery date further into the future.
Participants
+ Customers (multinational corporations): require foreign currencies for cross bolder trade or investment business
+ Banks: quote buying and selling rates for currencies
+ Brokers: act between the banks  and charge a commission for their services
 
 
Unit 15:  The financial markets
 
Main points
Details
Important words
Functions
Channel funds form people who have save surplus to whom need.
 
Broker: are agents of investors who match buyers with sellers of securities dealers link buyers and sellers by buying and selling securities at stated prices.
 
Debt market: is the financial market that debt instruments are sold and bought.
 
Debt instrument: is a contractual agreement by the borrower to pay the holder of the instrument fixed dollar amounts at regular intervals until a specified date when a final payment is made
 
Underwrite: to undertake to purchase at an agreed price any unsold portion of.
 
Liquidity: available cash or capacity to obtain it on demand
+ Lender-savers: who are in surplus of money
  • Households
  • Firms
  • Government
  • Foreigners and their government
+ Borrower-spenders: who are in shortage of money
  • Households
  • Firms
  • Government
  • Foreigners and their governments
 
Structure
Debt and Equity Markets
+ Debt instrument:
  • Short-term: maturity is less than a year
  • Intermediate-term: maturity between 1 and 10 years
  • Long-term: maturity is 10 years or longer
+ Equities which are claims to share in the net income and the assets of a business.
  • (-) of owning equities: an equity holder is a residual claimant
  • (+) of owning equities: equity holders benefit directly from any increases in the corporation’s profitability or assets value
Primary and 2nd markets
+ Primary market  is a financial market in which new securities issued.
  • Primary markets are not well known to the public because selling of securities to initial buyers often take place behind the doors.
+ Secondary market is a financial market in which issued securities are resold.
  • Eg: foreign exchange markets, future markets, option markets.
  • Make it easier and quicker to sell financial instruments to raise cash=> more liquid.
  • Determine the price of the securities that the issuing firms sell in the primary market.
Exchanges and OTC markets
+ Exchanges market:
  • Buyers and sellers meet in one central location to conduct trades.
  • Has fix hours
+ OTC:
  • Buyers and sellers has no fix location to trade
  • Primary communication instruments are telephones and computers.
  • Trade 24h a day
 
Money and capital markets
+ The money market is a financial market in which only short-term debt instruments are traded.
+ The capital market is the market in which longer-term debt and equity instruments are traded.
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